f * I 



11 



:„.... | ,.„., 



WOODWORK 



IX 



THECOMMON SCHOOL. 



A MANUAL 
FOR PRIMARY AXD GRAMMAR GRADES. 



BY/ 
FREDERIC A. HINCKLEY. 



MILTOX BRADLEY CO.X>^., 
Springfield, Mass. 




W<> 






COI-YRIGHTED, 1895, 

BY MILTON BRADLEY CO. 



CONTEXTS. 



Introduction .... 

Suggestive Programme 

Tools ..... 

Line Work .... 

Vertical and Horizontal Lines 

Oblique Lines 

Combinations of Straight Lines 

Circular Lines 

Combinations of all Lines 

Surface Cutting 

Cutting Out Forms 

Cutting Out Openings . 

Specimens of Original Work 

Elementary Construction Work 

Problems with Hammer 

Problems with Screwdriv 

Problems with Gimlet 

Getting out Stock . 

Jointing and Fitting 

Cutting of Solids 

Geometrical Forms 

Crystal Models 

Explanation of Some Terms in Crystallography 

Crystal Specimens 



Page. 

I 

3 



/ 

12 



23 
28 

34 



4i 
47 
49 
5i 
58 
61 
64 
11 
93 
95 
101 

I2 5 
126 



INTRODUCTION. 

The purpose of this little book is to furnish a working 
basis for a system of manual training for Primary and 
Grammar grades, which can be taught in the school-room, 
if necessary by the regular teacher. 

The tools used therefore are small, at first simply Pen- 
cil, Rule and small Pocketknife; afterward Compasses, 
Jack-knife, Hammer, Screw-driver, Gimlet, Gauge and 
Try-square. In the beginning the work is done on the 
school desk. With the introduction of the hammer, a 
plain, portable desk cover of white wood is provided, which 
transforms the desk to a simple work bench. 

The course is designed to cover the eight years of school 
work preceding the High School, and to bridge the chasm 
between the manual work of the Kindergarten and that of 
the higher grade Manual Training School. Boys and girls 
should take it together, as thev take other school studies. 

Two periods of about thirty or forty minutes each, per 
week, are recommended for the younger children; one 
period of twice the length for the older ones. The pro- 
gramme on page 3 subject to modification and amendment 
in the hands of a wise school supervison is offered sug- 
gestively. 

So far as the use of the knife is concerned, the course 
is divided into three parts, cutting of lines, cutting of 
surfaces, and cutting of solids. 

This manual is designed for the teacher; the sample dic- 
tations and suggestions here ^iven are for the teacher. 



2 INTRODUCTION. 

They are not intended to be followed word for word, but to 
convey the idea to the instructor, who after assimilating it 
will use such details of language as occasion may require. 

Attention is called to these fundamental points: — 

i st. Work is to be dictated not copied, part of the aim 
being to develop accuracy of hearing and obeying, as well 
as accuracy of observation and of execution. 

2nd. Drawing is made fundamental and is intended to 
precede cutting. 

3rd. It is not intended to limit work to problems given. 
If time permits any amount can be added, care being taken 
serve the general principles laid down and the divi- 
sion into parts and sections. In any case original work 
should occupy a large place at every stage. 

4th. Experience shows that this kind of work carries 
its own commendation to the pupil. In pursuing it he will 
need to be restrained rather than pushed. 

5th. Teachers are especially urged to study the system 
here offered and the plans by which it is developed, not 
with reference to its power to produce things, but rather 
for its efficacy in helping to evolve capacities. 

6th. One set of tools can be passed through the dif- 
ferent rooms in one building, thus saving a large percentage 
of outlay. It should be the duty of the janitors to see that 
the tools for their respective buildings are kept in order. 

The author gladly acknowledges his indebtedness to Geo. 
B. Kilbon for the idea of using the jack-knife in the school- 
room; to Miss E. C. Elder for aid in harmonizing the work 
with the Kindergarten; to Mrs. E. C. Hinckley for co- 
operation especially in developing the work in the crystal 
models; and to Miss Katherine D. Whitman for assistance 
in design and dictation. He is also indebted to the school 



INTRODUCTION. 3 

authorities of Northampton, Mass., the first city to adopt 
the system, and to Superintendent Pease and the teachers 
of that city, whose more than cordial co-operation did much 
to make the first trial a success. 

PROGRAMME OFFERED SUGGESTIVELY. 

i st. Year. Line Cutting. 

Vertical and Horizontal lines. 

Diagonal lines. 
2nd. Year. Line Cutting. 

Diagonal lines continued. 

Combinations Vertical, Horizontal, and 

Diagonal lines. 

Curved lines. 
3rd. Year. Line Cutting. 

Curved lines continued. 

Combinations Vertical, Horizontal, 

Diagonal and Curved lines. 
4th. Year. Surface Cutting. 

Geometrical Forms. 

Cross and Vase Forms = 

Openings. 

Small Frame Fronts. 

Large Frame Fronts. 
5th. Year. Problems with Hammer and Wire Brads. 
" Screw-driver. 
" Gimlet. 
6th. Year. Getting out Stock. 

Gauge and Try-square Problems. 

Plain and Ornamental Frame, Box and other 

work. 



4 INTRODUCTION. 

7th. Year. Jointing and Fitting Problems. 

Plain and Ornamental Box and Frame-work, 

etc., continued. 
8th. Year. Solid Cutting. 

Geometrical Forms. 

Crystal Models. 

General Review according to time. 



ESTIMATED EXPENSE 
OF ONE FULL SET OF TOOLS. 



Pencil 


.02 


Rule . . 


.02 


Knife 


• 3 ; 


Compasses 


.08 


Hammer 


.10 


Screw-driver 


.08 


Gimlet . 


.06 


Gauge . 


.12 


Try-square 


•17 



Si. 00 



GENERAL NOTE. 



All drawings in this book are on a scale of 1-2 inch to 
the inch. To get correct measurements, therefore, from 
plates, it will be necessary to multiply by 2. 



PART I. LINE WORK. 
TOOLS. 

PENCIL, RULE. KNIFE. COMPASSES. 

MATERIAL. 

BASSWOOD TABLETS. i-S INCH THICK: 
SQUARES 3 1-2 INCHES, OBLOXGS Sx 2 . 



FIRST POSITION FOR KNIFE. 



GENERAL NOTES. 

i. It is assumed that the pupils can find the inch and 
one-half inch on the rule. If not they must be taught to 
do so before beginning work on the wood. Whenever a 
new measurement as 1-4, i-S, etc., is introduced, care must 
be taken to teacli that first on the rule if necessary. As 
cheap rules are likely to be shortened at the end by wear, 
it is better in measuring to begin at the one inch mark 
rather than at the end. 

2. Teach the pupil to observe the grain and always 
when drawing in using square tablets to have the grain 
run from back to front, and in using oblong tablets to 
have the grain run from left to right. For cutting pur- 
poses the pupil may turn the tablet so as to work most 
naturally. 

3. In measuring along edges of tablet, unless otherwise 
directed, always begin on back edge at left back corner 
and move toward the right; on front edge at left front cor- 
ner and move toward the right; on left edge at back left 
corner and move toward the front; on right edge at back 
right corner and move toward the front. In drawing lines, 
unless otherwise directed, also move from back to front and 
from left to right. 

4. Have all original work drawn on paper and cor- 
rected with reference to good design, before it is drawn on 
the wood. 



SECTION i. 

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LINES. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problem i. Alongf the back edsre of the tablet measure 
off every 1-2 inch, marking with very light clots. Do the 
same along the front edge. With the rule connect left dot 
on back edge and left dot on front edge. Measure toward 
the front 1-2 inch, draw inch, skip 1-2 inch, draw inch. 
Move the rule 1-2 inch to the right and draw lines as be- 
fore. So continue across the tablet until twelve vertical inch 
lines have been drawn. Xow, holding the knife with the 
blade between the thumb and forefinger, slightly tipped to 
the right from the vertical, as shown in first position, cut 
the right edge of the left back line. Turn the tablet round 
and cut the opposite edge of the same line. ( If properly 
done this operation takes out a very narrow V shaped 
shaving). Proceed with the lines to the right and then 
with the front row of lines in the same manner. 

Problem 2. This problem involves working from left 
to right, instead of from back to front, and cutting against 
instead of with the grain. 

Problems 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 will be easily understood by 
the teacher without special directions after 1 and 2 are 
done. 

Problem S. This problem introduces the 1-4 inch meas- 
urement. Preceding it, therefore, that measurement must 
be taught on the rule. 



8 A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

Problems 9, 10 and 11 follow naturally and require no 
special dictations here. 

Problem 12. This problem is to be an original design 
by the pupil, using only vertical and horizontal lines, the 
elements already furnished. It should be drawn satisfac- 
torily on paper before being put upon the tablet, and espe- 
cial attention should be given to the requisites of good 
design. 

Problem 13. Measure off on back edge of tablet every 
1-2 inch. Same on front edge. On left and right edges 
1-2 inch from back and front edges. Connect left dot on 
back edge and left dot on front edge with the rule. From 
the back edge skip 1-2 inch, draw inch. Move the rule 
1-2 inch to the right and draw as before. So on across 
the tablet until you have fifteen vertical lines. Connect 
back dot on left edge and back clot on right edge with the 
rule. From left edge skip 1-2 inch, draw 1-2 inch, skip 
1-2 inch and so on across the tablet until you have drawn 
eight horizontal lines. Connect front dot on left edge and 
front dot on right edge with the rule. From the left draw 
1-2 inch, skip 1-2 inch, and so on until you have drawn 
eight horizontal lines. Then cut with knife as before. 

Problems 14, 15 and 16 will be clear without special 
directions. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 






[n] 









IO 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 




T 






u 








IO 







E _:r 

ill i 












1 1 



12 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



FLTliU 



13 




14 



15] 



L^ 



L51 LSI L51 LSI 



15 



5>«\.«_c.\fca «>■ &v\3\tvo.V !Ne°>\%<\ bij >u.V'V 



10 



SECTION 2. 

OBLIQUE LINES. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problem 17. Mark off every 1-2 inch on left edge; same 
on right edge. With rule connect back left dot and back 
right dot, and mark off even- 1-2 inch until five dots are 
made. Move rule forward 1-2 inch, from left edge place 
dot 1-2 inch to right, and from right edge place dot 1-2 
inch to left. Move rule forward 1-2 inch and from left edge 
measure one inch and make a dot, then every 1-2 inch un- 
til five dots are made in this row. Find second row, first 
dot; and third row, first dot; connect with rule and draw. 
Find first row, first dot; third row, second clot; connect and 
draw. Find first row, second dot; third row, third dot; 
connect and draw. Find first row, third dot; third row, 
fourth dot; connect and draw. Find first row, fourth dot; 
third row, fifth dot; connect and draw. Find first row, 
fifth dot; second row, last dot; connect and draw. Repeat 
same dictation for front half of tablet. 

Problem 18. This problem simply reverses the lines in 
problem 17. 

Problems 19, 20 and 21 are combinations of 17 and 18. 

Problem 22 calls for original design. 

Problem 23 is made up of diagonals of the oblong. 

Problems 24 and 25. Draw the diagonals of the tablet 
lightly for construction lines. 

Problems 26 and 27. Draw both diagonals and diameters 
of the tablet for construction lines. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 1 3 

Problem 28 calls for original design. 

Problem 29. Measure off on left and right edges ever}' - 
1-2 inch. Connect back left dot and back right dot with 
rule. Measure from left edge one inch and make dot; then 
every inch until there are seven dots. Move rule 1-2 inch 
forward. Measure off every 1-2 inch until you have a line 
of fifteen dots. Move rule forward 1-2 inch. Measure 1-2 
inch and make a dot, skip one inch, and make a dot, and 
proceed with inch measurements until 3-011 have eight dots. 
Connect back dot on left edge and first dot on middle row 
of dots with rule and draw connecting line. Connect mid- 
dle dot on left edge and first dot in front row of dots with 
rule and draw as before. Moving the rule to the right 
one inch at a time draw similar oblique lines across the 
tablet. Then draw the opposite oblique lines necessarv to 
connect those alreadv drawn. 

Problems 30 and 3.1 are border patterns involving same 
principles. 

Problem 32 calls for selected or original design. 



14 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 





18 







21 



22 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



15 





23 



24 





25 



26 




Qr'ij'xTkCk.'V. Sei'^rN \l s "V>u.p\\.. 



28 



1 6 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 









52 



SECTION 3. 

COMBINATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problem 33. Draw all the vertical and horizontal lines 
first, then the oblique lines. 

Problem 34. Bisect the edges. Place rule so as to con- 
nect bisecting dots on back and front edges. Measure 
toward the center one inch from each dot, and make two 
other dots. Repeat from dots on left and right edges. 
Connect these four dots with lines, thus constructing a 
square with the corner toward the front. Measure on left 
and right edges of tablet from back corners forward 1-2 
inch, and from front corners backward 1-2 inch, and make 
dots. Connect back left dot and back right dot with rule, 
skip 1-2 inch, draw inch, skip 1-2 inch, draw inch. Repeat 
with front left and right dots. Connect left end of left 
back line and left end of left front line with the rule. Be- 
ginning at left end of left back line draw forward one inch, 
skip 1-2 inch, -draw one inch. Repeat at right ends of 
right back, and front lines. Connect right end of left 
back line and left end of right front line with the rule and 
draw from these points inward to the square. Connect 
left end of right back line and right end of left front 
line and draw from these points inward to the square. 
Draw similar lines at left and right thus completing the 
fieure. 



1 8 A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

Problem 35. Draw all the vertical and horizontal lines 
first, then the oblique lines. 

Problem 36. Draw lightly for construction lines the 
diagonals of the tablet. Make dot on edges of tablet 1-2 
inch each way from each corner. Connect back left dot 
and back right dot with rule, skip one inch, draw 1 1-2 
inches. Connect front left dot and front right dot with 
rule, skip one inch, draw 1 1-2 inches. Connect left dot 
on back edge and left dot on front edge with rule, skip one 
inch, draw 1 1-2 inches. Repeat from right dots on back 
and front edges. From center of tablet measure on diag- 
onals each way 3-8 inch making thus four dots. Find 
left end of back horizontal and dot on left back diagonal, 
connect and draw. Find right end of back horizontal and 
dot on right back diagonal, connect and draw. Draw 
similar lines from front horizontal and from left and right 
verticals thus completing the figure. 

Problem 37. Draw the square, then the diagonals of 
the square, then the other oblique lines. 

Problem 38 calls for an original design. 

Problem 39. Bisect edges of tablet. Connect back dot 
and front dot with rule, skip 3-8 inch and make a dot, skip 
3-8 inch, draw two inches, skip 3-S inch and make a 
dot. Repeat from left to right dot. Place rule diagonally 
across the tablet, make dot one inch each way from center 
and draw between the dots. From ends of this line place 
dots 3-8 inch toward corners of the tablet. Repeat on op- 
posite diagonal. Find back end of vertical line and back 
right dot, connect and draw. Find back dot and right dot, 
connect and draw from back dot to line last drawn, skip to 
end of diagonal line, draw to dot. Repeat last two opera- 
tions around the tablet. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 1 9 

Problem 40. This problem will be simplified by draw- 
ing unbroken lines first. 

Problem 41. First draw the squares lightly and then 
erase the lines where necessary to make interlacing. 

Problems 42 and 43. Draw the squares first, then all 
vertical and horizontal lines, then oblique lines. 

Problem 44 calls for an original design. 

Problem 45. Draw long horizontal lines first, then all 
vertical and horizontal lines, then oblique lines. 

Problem 46. Draw long horizontal lines first, then all 
remaining horizontal lines, then oblique lines. 

Problem 47. Draw the unbroken before the broken 
oblique lines. 

Problem 48 calls for an original design. 



20 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 






\ / 





33 



34 























35 



36 




Qr'. 5 \rvo.V Sei.jn tl^ "Pi 



17 



38 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 




P 



40 





4^ 



42 





43 



44 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 




45 



r~J rzo nu / 



/ L / 



4 6 





V V 




V 


Y 




V 


^^ 


tV— 


A^ 


^\ x 












SECTION 4. 

CIRCULAR LINES. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problem 49. Find center by drawing diagonals lightly. 
Set compasses at 3-4 incli and from this center describe a 
circle. Set compasses at 1 1-4 inches and from same cen- 
ter describe another circle. 

Problem 50. Draw diagonals lightly for construction 
lines and have the arcs end at the diagonals. 

Problem 51. Describe circle first. The centers for the 
arcs are on the diagonals. 

Problem 52. The centers for the eight circles are on the 
diameters and diagonals 3-4 inch from the center of the 
tablet. 

Problem 53. The radius for these nine circles is 5-8 
inch. Describe center circle first. Find centers for other 
circles on diameters and diagonals of tablet y-8 inch from 
the center of the tablet. 

Problem 54 calls for an original design. 

Problem 55. Draw diameters of the tablet lightly for 
construction lines. 

Problems 56 and 57. Draw diameters and diagonals of 
the tablet lightly for construction lines. 

Problem 58. Describe circles with centers on diagonals 
first. Then broken arcs with centers on diameters. Then 
four short arcs at ends of these. Then erase wherever 
necessary to make interlacing. 

Problem 59. Draw diameters and diagonals lightly for 
construction lines. Make dots on diameters 1-4 inch from 
edges and on diagonals one inch from corners. With left 



24 A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

dot as center and radius sufficient to reach back dot, de- 
scribe an arc from back dot to the back right diagonal. 
With dot on left back diagonal as center describe arc from 
right back diagonal to right diameter. With dot on back 
diameter as center, describe arc from right diameter to 
front right diagonal. Repeat with remaining dots as 
centers until eight unbroken outside lines are drawn. 
Shortening the radius 1-4 inch repeat the same all round. 
In a similar manner describe the broken arcs necessary to 
complete the figure. 

Problem 60 calls for an original design. 

Problem 61. Bisect left and right edges of tablet and 
connect by light construction line. On this line mark off 
every 1-2 inch. Set compasses at 1-2 inch for radius. Be- 
ginning at right edge, and moving to the left, with the 
dots made as centers, describe arcs from the construction 
line toward the back until they meet arcs previously drawn. 
Beginning at the left edge and moving to the right 
describe arcs in a similar manner toward the front, until 
thev meet arcs previously drawn. 

Problem 62. Bisect the tablet lengthwise for construc- 
tion line. Find centers for arcs on this line. 

Problem 63. Measure on left and right edges 1-8, 3-8, 
1-2, 1-2, 3-S. Connect back and front dots on left and right 
edges in pairs with light horizontal construction lines. 
Connect middle three dots on left and right edges in pairs 
with rule and make dots every 1-2 inch until 3-011 have 
three rows of dots, for points terminating arcs. Find cen- 
ters for arcs on back and front lines by measuring from 
left edge 1-8 inch, then even- 1-4 inch across the tablet. 
The radius is H inch. 

Problem 64 calls for an original design. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



25 





49 





5i 




,u\ "S.i^ b. >* ? , 



53 



54 



26 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 




55 





57 





59 



&r\fc\«a\. U*t>%« \j\j "Vu.>\Y. 



6o 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



27 





62 




63 






64 



SECTION 5. 

COMBINATIONS OF ALL LINES. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problem 65. Describe circle, then draw all vertical and 
horizontal lines, then all obliqne lines, then describe arcs. 

Problem 66. Draw diameters and diagonals lightly for 
construction lines. 

Problem 67. Describe circles first. Find points on 
middle circle for termination of arcs. Draw all straight 
lines. Describe connecting arcs. 

Problem 68. Describe center and outer circles. Draw 
1-2 inch lines from center circle on diameters and diag- 
onals and make dots on outer circle where rule crc 
Bisect outer circle between dots already made and from 
center circle draw 1-2 inch lines toward these dots. With 
dot on outer circle at left end of horizontal diameter as 
center and radius to third dot on outer circle, draw to back 
end of vertical line, skip to front end of vertical line, draw 
to dot on outer circle. Repeat at right end of horizontal 
diameter, also on vertical diameter and diagonals. Con- 
tinue the same process until all the dots in the outer cir- 
cle have been used as centers and all the arcs drawn. 

Problem 69. First describe circles at center. Then 
draw straight lines radiating from center. Then describe 
arcs at corners. Then broken arcs on diameters. 

Problem 70 calls for an original design. 

Problem 71. Draw the square. Then all vertical and 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 29 

horizontal lines. Then describe arcs with radius 5-16 inch. 
Then draw all oblique lines. 

Problem 72. Draw the square. Describe complete cir- 
cles and semicircles. Then short arcs. Lastly draw ob- 
lique lines. 

Problem 73. Draw the square. Mark off every 1-2 inch 
on sides of square. Find points for center and corner fig- 
ures and describe arcs in pairs from these points as centers, 
drawing 3-8, skipping 3-8 and drawing 3-8. Then draw all 
oblique lines. Then from nearest points of figures already 
made as centers, describe the sets of four semicircles which 
touch each other at the centers of the small broken squares. 

Problem 74. Describe circles first. Draw all straight 
lines. Describe connecting arcs. 

Problem 75. First describe center circles and outside 
circle. Make dots on the outside circle where the diame- 
ters and diagonals would intersect it. By properly con- 
necting these points with the rule, the eight points of the 
large figure can be drawn, the lines being 1-2 inch in 
length. Again by connecting the ends of these lines with 
the rule in pairs, the lines extending to the third circle 
from the center can be drawn. Then describe short con- 
necting arcs from center in outer circle. Then describe 
the remaining three broken circles. 

Problem 76 calls for an original design. 

Problem jj. Draw all straight lines first, then describe 
broken arcs. 

Problem 78. Draw back and front lines and a horizon- 
tal bisecting construction line. Describe circles and use 
points on back and front lines as centers for arcs. 

Problem 79. Measure on left and right edges from back 
edge 1-4 inch, 3-4 inch. Connect back left and back right 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

dots with rule. Measure 1-4 inch in and make a dot, then 
every 1-2 inch across the tablet. Move the rule forward 
3-4 inch, draw light construction line and repeat same 
measurements. From these last dots as centers, with 
radius 3-16 inch, describe semicircles toward the front. 
Connect ends of semicircles with point directly back. 
Describe semicircles to the front from point on small semi- 
circles already drawn. Centers for back arcs are 1-4 inch 
back of centers for small semicircles. 
Problem So calls for an original desien. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



31 





6s 



66 





68 





69 



32 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 





71 



72 






- - - . - ~*>\J "VXA-^'. 



75 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



33 




V- 




immj, 




<j h\ 



w 



77 




78 





3KS5 


AAA/ 

i 



79 



s»v^ua c^ 6c\a\*^ ats'Kv. bv, ~Pin,\ 



SO 



PART II. SURFACE CUTTING. 
TOOLS. 

PENCIL, RULE, KNIFE AND COMPASSES. 

MATERIAL. 

OBLONG TABLETS 8*2, 1-8 INCH THICK. 

SQUARES 3 1-2 INCHES, 1-8 INCH THICK. 

SMALL FRAME FRONTS, 5 x 4 1-4, 3-16 INCH THICK. 

CABINET FRAME FRONTS, 7 1-2x6, 

1-4 OR 3-16 INCH THICK. 




SECOND POSITION FOR KNIFE. 



GENERAL NOTES. 

i. For geometrical forms use 8x2 tablets. 

For forms of crosses and vases use square tablets. 

2. Always begin with a straight edge to measure from. 

3. Always cut with the grain and not against it. 

4. In cutting with knife in second position, always draw 
the blade down, as well as toward you, so as to move 
toward the point of the blade. When more convenient, as 
is sometimes the case, the process may be reversed by 
pushing the knife from, instead of drawing it toward the 
cutter. 



SECTION i. 

CUTTING OUT FORMS. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problem Si. Square. Measure off from left end, on 
back and front edges of tablet two inches, and draw con- 
necting line. Repeat on opposite side. Connect these 
lines across edges, thus making one continuous line 
around the tablet. Cut just outside this line, around the 
tablet lightly, holding the knife in first position. Cut the 
same line a second time heavily. Break off two inch piece, 
hold in left hand and with knife in second position trim to 
the line. 

Problem 82. Triangle. Measure off on front edge of 
tablet two inches and make dots. From these dots as cen- 
ters with radius of two inches, describe arcs near back 
edge which shall intersect each other. Connect this point 
of intersection with left and right dots on front edge. Re- 
peat on other side of tablet, being careful to have the lines 
exactlv opposite to those already drawn. Cut off the piece 
with knife in first position; then cut to just outside the 
lines, then trim to the lines with knife in second position. 

Problem S3. Pentagon. From left end of back edge of 
tablet measure off one inch; from left end of front edge 3-8 
inch, 1 1-4 inches, 3-8 inch. From dot on back edge, and 
from left dot on front edge with radius of 1 1-4 inches 
describe to the left intersecting arcs. From dot on back 
edge and middle dot on front edge describe to the right in- 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 37 

tersecting arcs. Connect the dots and points of intersec- 
tion in snch manner as to complete the fignre. Repeat on 
other side of tablet exactly opposite, and cnt as before. 

Problem 84. Hexagon. Describe circle with radins of 
one inch. Draw horizontal diameter of circle. From 
ends of diameter, with same radius, describe four short 
arcs, intersecting the circle. Connect these points of in- 
tersection with each other and with ends of diameter in 
such manner as to complete the figure. Repeat on other 
side of tablet and cut as before. 

Problem 85. Octagon. Measure on back and front 
edges of tablet two inches, connect the dots and draw. 
Draw light diagonal lines of the square. With point of 
compasses in front left corner and radius to center, make a 
dot on front and left edges; repeat at each corner giving 
eight dots. Connect these eight dots in such manner as to 
give the octagon. Repeat on opposite side of tablet and 
cut as before. 

Problem 86. Circle. Find center of two inch square. 
With radius of one inch from this center describe circle. 
Repeat on opposite side and cut as before. 

Problem 87. Ellipse. Beginning at left end of tablet 
draw horizontal bisecting line three inches in length. 
Draw vertical line from back to front of tablet bisecting 
this horizontal line. With radius equal to 1-2 the long 
diameter, from end of short diameter describe arcs each way, 
intersecting long diameter. These points of intersection 
are the foci of the ellipse. Place a pin firmly leaning out- 
ward, at each of these points, also at one end of the short 
diameter. Tie a piece of linen thread around these three 
pins, resting on the tablet. Remove pin from end of short 
diameter. Place pencil in the loop of thread, being care- 



38 A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

ful to keep the pencil in vertical position and the thread 
on the tablet. With the pencil thus controlled by the loop 
describe the ellipse. Repeat on opposite side of tablet and 
cut as before. 

Problem SS. Oval. Draw a bisecting horizontal line 
three inches in length. On this line measure off one inch 
from left end to the right and draw a vertical two inch 
line intersecting at this point; measure off from, right end 
1-4 inch to the left and draw a vertical line about one inch, 
intersecting at this point. From left point of intersection 
as center with radius of one inch describe a semicircle to the 
left, terminating at ends of left vertical line. From point 
on horizontal bisecting line 1-2 inch from right end with 
radius of 1-2 inch describe arcs terminating at points of 
intersection with right vertical line. Connect ends of arcs 
free hand in such manner as to complete the oval. Repeat 
on opposite side and cut as before. 

Problems 89 and 90 call for other selected geometrical 
forms. 

Problems 91, 92 and 93. Latin, Greek and St. Andrew's 
crosses. In cutting these problems, cut both ways toward 
the angles, taking out small Y shaped pieces. It will pay 
to make haste slowlv. 

Problem 94 calls for some other form of cross selected 
by pupil. 

Problems 95, 96 and 97. Yase Forms. The curved 
lines in these problems are all arcs and can be described 
with compasses when proper centers are found. 

Problem 98. In this problem the pupil may if he choses 
use his knowledge of line cutting received in Part I for 
purposes of ornamentation. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



39 



Si 




S2 




S3 



S 4 



85 




86 





87 88 

Problems 89 and 90. Other geometric forms to be se- 
lected by pupil. 



TV 




92 



93 



40 A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

Problem 94. Other form of cross selected by pupil. 





95 96 97 

Problem 98. Other form of vase selected by pupil. 



SECTION 2. 

CUTTING OUT OPENINGS. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problem 99. Square Opening. Draw two inch square 
at center of tablet. Repeat on opposite side. With knife 
in first position cut just inside the lines drawn on both 
sides the tablet until you can take out the square. Then 
with knife in second position trim the edges of opening to 
the lines. 

Problems 100, 101, 102, 103 and 104, are to be treated iu 
similar manner. 

Problems 105, 106 and 107. Small Frame Fronts. The 
center lines represent the openings. The other lines are 
to be cut as in Part I for ornamentation. 

Problems 108, 109 and no, call for original designs. 

Problem in. Cabinet Frame Front. In drawing the 
Greek border make corner squares first, On inside verti- 
cal edges of the squares at back of tablet mark off ever}' 
1-8 inch. Connect back left dot and back right dot with 
rule. Measure 1-8, draw 1-2 across the tablet until you 
have five 1-2 inch lines, then measure 1-8 and draw 3-8. 
Move rule forward 1-8 inch. Measure 1-4, draw 1-4, then 
measure 3-8 and draw 1-4 until you reach the squares. 
Move rule forward 1-8 inch. Measure 1-8, draw 1-4, then 
measure 3-8 and draw 1-4 until you have six lines drawn. 
Move rule forward 1-8 inch. Draw 1-4, measure 3-8, until 
vou have six lines drawn in this row. Move the rule for- 



42 A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

ward 1-8 inch. Draw 3-8, measure 1-8, then draw 1-2 and 
measure 1-8 until you reach the square. Proceed in simi- 
lar manner at front, left and right. Erase 1-8 inch on the 
inside edges of square as shown in the plate. 

Problem 112. Cabinet Frame Front. The large dia- 
mond represents the opening to be cut out. 

Problem 113. Cabinet Frame Front. Measure off on 
back edge of tablet 3-4, 1 1-2, 1 1-2, 1 1-2, same on front 
edge. Measure off on left edge of tablet 3-4, 1 1-2, 1 1-2, 
1 1-2, 1 1-2; same 011 right edge. Connect back dot on left 
edge with left dot on back edge and draw. Move rule 1 1-2 
inches to the right and draw. So continue across the tab- 
let. Connect right dot on back edge with back dot on 
right edge and draw. Move rule 1 1-2 inches to the left 
and draw. So continue across the tablet. Bisect back and 
front edges. Connect with rule. Measure from back edge 
1 1-2 inches and draw 4 1-2 inches for long diameter of el- 
lipse. Bisect left and right edges, connect with rule, from 
left edge measure to the right 1 1-2 inches and draw three 
inches for short diameter of ellipse. Bisect sides of all 
the squares to find points for termination of semicircles. 
Describe semicircles so that they will touch at centers of 
squares and terminate at these points. Describe small 
circles at corners of squares. Erase all straight lines. 

Problem 114 calls for an original design. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



4.5 





ioo 





IOI 



I02 





IO- 



44 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 




I05 




A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



45 




107 
Problems 108, 109 and 1 10, are to be original designs with 
same material and elements as Problems 105, 106 and 107. 




46 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



• ^J^ 


KJ 




w 




W 




W >0 






o 




\° 




o 


^K C 


o. 








^o 




°^ 


1 A^^\^ f 












\° 




KOM 












,1 


°!^ 


1 ^f^ M~^ ^H 












^ ^ 




o" 








Id 


(7$ 


°^ 


W 




"i^ , 




o! 




o 




O 


i 


^7 TX/^ 


r^ 


vV^ 


r^i 


w 


r> 


^ 






buG 

x 
(U 

T3 



':/. 




A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



47 



ORIGINAL WORK. 

The following designs by pupils are added to this sec- 
tion, not as parts of the required course, but as hints of 
what may be done under the head of original work, both 
in mechanical and free-hand drawing. 





4 8 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 




- 


- 












ij 






















f 






- 




- 


- 


- 


















; 






III 1 




. 






u 


1 




III 1 




1 












IHI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IHI 


| J > 


T 


INN 


Mil 


III 


1 






"J 


Hill 


1 III 


III 

























g 
3 

2 
o 



PART III. 
ELEMENTARY CONSTRUCTION WORK. 



TOOLS. 

PENCIL, RULE, KNIFE, COMPASSES, HAMMER, 
SCREWDRIVER AND GIMLET. 

MATERIALS. 

TABLETS, 3x2, 1-8 INCH STOCK. 

4x3-4, 1-8 

1 3-4x3-4, 1-8 

4x2, 1-8 

3x3-4, 1-4 

1 1-2x3-4, 1-4 

4x2, 1-4 

12x3-4, 1-4 

4x2, 1-2 

4x2, 3-4 

CUBE 1 3-4 INCHES. 

WIRE BEADS No. 20, 3-8 INCH AND 1-2 INCH. 

BRASS HINGES, 1-2x1-4 INCH. 

SCREWS No. 0, 1-4 INCH. 



GENERAL NOTES. 

i. A desk cover is necessary for all work which follows. 
It may be made of one piece of white-wood, the size of the 
desk top, 1-2 inch thick, and a piece of the same kind and 
thickness r 1-2 inches wide, nailed on the front edge of the 
larger piece, even at the top and projecting one inch at the 
bottom. This projection is to be placed against the front 
of the desk to hold the cover in place. 

2. Measure for places for brads and screws and mark 
with pencil. Also for points for gimlet holes. 

3. Hold hammer by end of handle farthest from the 
head. 

4. Points of brads must not be allowed to show where 
they do not belong. 

5. Call for original designs at end of each section. 



SECTION i. 

PROBLEMS WITH HAMMER. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problem 115. Find points for two 1-2 inch brads, 1-8 
inch each way from corners on broad side of one end of 
tablet 3x3-4 inches. Drive brads enough to start them 
straight but not enough to have the points come through. 
Now hold a short tablet 1 1-2 x 3-4 so that one end of it will 
come against the long tablet where the brads will come 
through when driven home, being careful to have the end 
of the long tablet exactly even with the outer surface of 
the short tablet, and finish driving the brads. 

Problems 116, 117, 118 and 119, are done in similar 
manner, always measuring for points to drive the brads. 

Problem 120 is the same as 119 with addition of bottom 
of 1-8 inch stock, thus making a box. 

Problem 121 is the same as 120 with addition of a di- 
vision in the middle. 

Problem 122 is the same as 120 with addition of cover. 
This cover is made of two pieces of 1-8 inch stock, the out- 
side being 3x2, the inside cut 1-4 inch smaller all round to 
make it fit into the box. The two are nailed together as 
marked in the plate, the brads being clinched on the un- 
der side. 

Problem 123 is a box like 120 without ends and with a 
piece of 1-8 inch stock 3x2 nailed on where a cover would 
go, and a box like 120 made sufficiently small to slide into 



52 A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

it like a drawer. To make this latter the pupil must cut 
down the stock to the proper dimensions. 

Problem 124. The cover is made first like 120, and sets 
down over the box. The bottom of the box extends 1-4 
inch beyond sides and ends as shown in the figure. Some 
cutting down of stock will be necessary here. 

Problems 125 — 134. The second series of nailing prob- 
lems is like the first only made with all 1-8 inch stock, a 
little larger and with 3-8 inch brads. 



^r— 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



53 



117 



116 



fl 



118 



119 



120 



121 



122 



54 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 






i rzn 













;.; 










\.A 
















A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



55 



125 



126 



:27 



128 




56 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



130 




131 




132 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



57 






i33 







i34 



SECTION 2. 

PROBLEMS WITH SCREWDRIVER. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

With the exception of problems 141, 146 and 147, all the 
problems in this series when completed fit together in pairs 
as follows: 135 with 136, 137 with 138, 139 with 140, 142 
with 143, and 144 with 145. If the dictation has been fol- 
lowed accurately, the fitting will be such as to allow one 
to move smoothly within the other. Refer to plates for 
illustrations of models in pairs. 

Problem 146. Set the hinges into the Avood their own 
depth, first drawing, then cutting the places to receive 
them. 

Problem 147. First draw the lines showing where to 
cut off the corners diagonally for the mitre joint. After 
cutting, set hinge as in 146. When properly set, the 
hinge will open to a right angle. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



59 




135 





137 



137 and 13S 







1 


e 




6 






e 




e 








138 








1 • 1 I 1 1 I 1 






139 and 


140 




1 


1 1 


1 






I 








• e : 


i © 




e ! 


; 9 


e 




e \ 



e : : e 
e I • e 



i39 



i e ! 


& 


: © ; 


; 


CD 


e ; 


9 ! 

: 1 


e 



140 



141 



6o 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



' ^~TT^, i 



142 and 143 



142 



e g e _ o e 
6 e o 



i43 



8: :©j ;©• :©: j© 
8: !©: :©; ■©! i© 






144 



145 



144 and 145 



©e e e _ 



146 



147 



SECTION 3. 

PROBLEMS WITH GIMLET. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problems 148, 149 and 150 are alike except that trie 
thickness of the stock increases with each change of tab- 
let 1-4 inch. Measure and bore from both sides. 

Problem 151. Measure the opposite edges for holes, and 
draw around the tablet at right angles with the grain, 
three lines with which to keep the gimlet straight while 
boring. Bore from both edges, meeting in the middle. 

Problem 152 is like 151 only working lengthwise of the 
tablet and boring from both ends as before. When done 
it must be possible to see light through the holes. 

Problem 153. Bore toward the center of the cube from 
the center of each of its faces. 

Problem 154. Care must be taken to bore slowly and 
from both sides of the long tablets. The rounds may be 
made from the short 1-4 inch tablets. 



62 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 





149 



I50 



.(*> 9 ^p. 



151 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



63 



~e -e- 



-&. 



\j 



PART IV. 
GETTING OUT STOCK. 

TOOLS. 

PENCIL. RULE, KNIFE, COMPASSES, HAMMER, 

SCREWDRIVER, GIMLET. GAUGE AND 

TRY-SQUARE. 

MATERIAL. 

TABLETS, 8x2 INCHES, 5-16 INCH THICK. 

ABOUT 2ft. x 4 1-2 « 1-8 

ANY KIND OF STOCK PREVIOUSLY FURNISHED. 
BRADS, SCREWS AND HINGES SUCH AS ALREADY USED. 



GENERAL NOTE. 

AYe have now to introduce two new, and perhaps un- 
familiar tools, the gauge and tr} T -square. The first thing 
to be done is to teach how to hold and to use them. Show 
the pupil that the gauge consists of two parts, the stick 
with the inches marked and a cutting point or blade at 





Fig. 1. Fig. 2. 

one end, and the block which slides up and down the stick 
with a thumb-screw to keep it in place. To set the gauge, 
hold the stick in left hand, and thumb-screw in right hand, 
as shown in Figure i, moving the block up or down by 





Fig. 3. Fig. 4. 

movements of the left thumb and hand, and tightening the 
screw with the ri^ht hand. To use the s^au^e after it has 
been properly set, hold as in Figure 2, and hold the tablet 



66 A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

with the left hand firmly so that the part to be gauged will 
extend over the right edge of the bench. Do not hold the 
blade of the gauge in a position vertical to the tablet but 
tip it a little from you. Be sure before using, that the 
blade has been properly sharpened. 

The try-square consists of the blade and beam as shown 
in Figure 3. Its use is to measure across the grain, as the 
use of the gauge is generally to measure and cut with the 
grain. Place the blade where you wish to make the line, 
in such a way that the beam will set against the back or 
front edge of the tablet, and draw or cut as shown in 
Figure 4. If the teacher does not understand how to use 
the gauge and try-square, he should consult the nearest 
carpenter, who can easily give him all needed information. 



SECTION i. 

PRELIMINARY PRACTICE. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problem 155. Gauge the horizontal lines. With the 
rule and knife, the latter being held with the edge of the 
blade turned from you, practice measuring off different 
lengths as shown in the plate. 

Problem 156. Set the gauge at 1-2 inch. Gauge from 
both edges of the tablet. Repeat on opposite side. Set 
the gauge at 7-16 inch and repeat. So continue until the 
last lines shall be 1-16 inch from the edges. This work 
should be repeated until the pupil learns to make the lines 
with an even cut and perfectly straight. 

Problem 157. To gauge on the edges and ends of the 
tablet, hold the same firmly in the left hand, or on the 
bench, as seems most convenient. Be sure that when done 
the lines are continuous around the tablet. 

Problem 158. Use the try-square for this problem. 
Draw the first line, cut the second, and repeat across the 
tablet. These lines when done should be continuous 
around tablet. 

Problem 159. Using the try-square cut vertical lines 
1-8 inch in from each end of tablet; then with gauge set at 
1-8 inch, gauge the back and front horizontal lines. So 
continue until all the lines have been cut and gauged as in 
the plate. 



68 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



00 




SECTION 2. 

CONSTRUCTION. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problem 160. Plain box. Get out two ends 3 3-4 x 2 
inches in 1-4 inch stock. Two sides 5x2 inches in i-S 
inch stock. Nail together with sides overlapping ends. 
Get out two pieces 5x4 inches in 1-8 inch stock for bottom 
and cover. Nail bottom on. Get out two pieces for cleats 
to cover, 3 3-4 x 3-4 inches in 1-8 inch stock. Place these 
1-4 inch in from ends and 1-8 inch in from sides of cover. 
Nail together with brads from outside cover, clinching 
same on under side of cleats. 

Problem 161. Steps. Get out first the end pieces which 
are called stringers of 1-4 inch stock. Then the pieces 
which extend across the front of each step which are called 
risers. Then the top pieces which are called treads. In 
nailing treads begin at bottom. 

Problem 162. Jewel Box. The cover and bottom of 
this box are 3 1-2 inch square tablets such as are used in 
Part I, and the ornamentation is taken from Part I. 

Problem 163. Small Frame. Finish front as in surface 
cutting. Get out back 3 1-2 inches square in i-S inch 
stock. Raise with pieces 3-8 inch wide in 1-8 inch stock 
at sides and bottom and fasten with 3-8 inch brads to the 
front, thus leaving place for picture and glass. Get out 
piece 3 1-2x3-4 inches in 1-8 inch stock for standard. In 
fastening to back with hinge by use of brad drive out the 
pin holding the two parts of the hinge together, in order 



yo ACTUAL OF WOODWORK, 

to put in the screws. After the two parts of the hinge 
have been screwed on where they belong, as shown in the 
plate, replace the pin. The standard should open about 

2 1-2 inches. 

Problem 164. Cabinet Frame. Proceed as in previous 
problem with such changes in measurement as are in- 
dicated on the plate, and allow the standard to open about 

3 1-2 inches. 

Problem 165. Wall Pocket. The small upper circle is 
to be bored out to hang the pocket by. Let the pupil cut 
the initial letter of his own name on the front. As the 
beveling of the front piece, top and bottom, will be a little 
difficult, be sure that the pupil fits it accurately to the 
sides before nailing. 

Problem 166. Desk. All the wood used in this prob- 
lem is 1-4 inch stock. The bottom measures 7 1-2x6 inches. 

Problem 167. Inkstand. This article is made of 1-4 
inch stock. The two circles are cut out for bottles. The 
oblong with circular ends is cut out, the edges beveled as 
shown in the plate, and a piece of 1-4 inch stock nailed on 
from underneath for a bottom. This makes a receptacle 
for pen, pencil, etc. The under piece should be placed 1-4 
inch in from the front edge of the top, so that the front of 
the stand can be nailed to it, as shown in the plate. The 
bottom of the stand measures 71-2x4 1-4 inches and ex- 
tends at the back 1-4 inch beyond the top. The back of 
the stand measures vertically 4 inches at the center and 
rises when in place 3 inches above the top. 

Original Work. A large variety of original work can 
be done here to great advantage. At least one piece from 
ever}- pupil should be required. Encourage making origi- 
nal work as large as stock will allow. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



1 60 






j. J - I i 

1 ! ! ; 
1 4 1 1 

[.j _ 






p^v;:^;:::;::::^::::;:::;-— :::::{:::;. 


i j 







161 



72 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 




162 




ms 



: : •: 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



73 



I 

1 










Tr-r 


















| 


Z1Z ! 








H ! 


Ope 


utwj 3 X\f% 






: 1 


























!|| 










1 ! 

1 | 
































1 












; ; 1 










! r ! L___L__J 1 | 

1 . 1 | 



164 



74 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



bo 




w/////////////////^^^^^ 







MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



75 




1 66 — Fig. 2. 



i " rr ~ ?■.— 

' ! t 



166— Fig. 3. 



7 6 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 





L 



3> 



167 — Fig. 1. 



~ 






167 — Fig. 2. 



^ 



167— Fig. 3. 



PART Y. 
JOINTING AND FITTING- 
TOOLS. 

SAME AS IN PART IV. 

MATERIAL. 

SAME AS IN PART IV. 

TABLETS. 1 1-2x2. 3-8 TNXH STOCK. 
KNOBS. WIRE BEADS. 3-4 INCH. 



GENERAL NOTES. 

i. The elementar}- practice problems are simple ones, 
but depend for their success upon very accurate measure- 
ment, and very nice cutting. 

2. In all use of brads place them with regularity and 
do not use too many. 



SECTION i. 

ELEMENTARY PRACTICE. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problem 168. Half-joint. Take two pieces of 1-4 inch 
stock 3 x 3-4 inches. Cnt out at one end of each 3-4 inch 
in length, 1-8 inch deep. If accurately done the two pieces 
will fit together, making a half-joint as shown in the plate. 

Problem 169. Same as Problem 168 except that the 
joint is made at the center, instead of at the end of the 
pieces. 

Problem 170. Mitre-joint. Using same size stock as in 
the preceding problems, cut off the ends diagonally as 
shown in the plate. When done and put together the}^ 
should make a right angle. 

Problem 171. Same as Problem 170, except that the 
mitre runs the narrow way of the tablets. 

Problem 172. Lock-joint. Same stock as before. 
Dividing one end of each tablet into three 1-4 inch squares, 
cut from one the middle square and from the other the two 
outside squares. When done the two should fit accurately 
at right angles. 

Problem 173. Dovetail-joint. Same stock as before. 
Mark off 1-4 inch on both sides of tablet at one end and 
draw lines. Divide lines into 1-4 inches. On edges at 
same end mark off 3-16 inch from corners. On both sides 
connect the four dots in pairs by oblique lines, as shown 
in the plate. Cut out corners to lines. Mark off at end 



So A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

of another tablet 1-4 inch on both sides as before. On one 
side divide section into 1-4 inches; on the other side draw 
lines 3-16 inch from edges and parallel to them. Connect 
ends of these lines in pairs across the end of tablet by 
oblique lines. Cut out middle section to these lines. When 
done the pieces should fit accurately. 

Problems 174, 175, 176, 177 and 178, are fitting prob- 
lems in 1-4 inch stock, with measurements as shown in 
plates. 

Problem 179. This problem consists of four pieces cut 
as shown in the plate and put together in pairs at right 
angles. 

Problem 180. Get out oblong of 1-8 inch stock, 
1 3-4 x 1 1-2 inches. Cut opening at center 1-2 x 1-4 inch. 
Make long piece of 1-4 inch stock 3 x 1-2. This long 
piece should fit opening so as to slide easily and smoothly. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 8 1 

-T=q r h- -i i 



168 



170 



171 



Did [ 



172 



82 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



173 



T 75 



177 




1 I ZZH [ 



I 1 



174 



] 1 I 1 



176 



I ^1 



U LT 



179 



i So 



SECTION 2. 

CONSTRUCTION WORK. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Problem 1S1. Post. The foundation for the post is 
3 1-2 x i x i inches. On opposite sides of this foundation, 
nail pieces of i-8 inch stock 3 1-2 x 1 inches. On remain- 
ing sides, pieces from same stock 3 1-2x1 1-4 inches. For 
cap take a two inch square tablet 5-16 inch thick. Draw a 
one inch square at center of top face. Draw horizontal 
lines on the narrow faces 1-8 inch above the bottom face. 
Bevel from these lines to the sides of the one inch square, 
as shown in the plate and nail to top of the foundation. 
Nail to the top of this a piece of 1-8 inch stock, one inch 
square. The pieces around the sides at top and bottom are 
to be mitred at the corners and nailed on. 

Problem 182. Spool box. First put sides and ends to- 
gether with the lock-joint. Then bore holes in bottom for 
pins, then nail bottom on. Cut the pins the requisite size 
to fit firmly when driven in, and put on cover with hinges. 

Problem 183. Box with tray. This is also a lock-joint 
box made in a similar manner to the preceding box except 
that the joints are smaller, the cover like an inverted box, 
and the hinges put on outside as shown in the plate. Posts 
are placed in the corners of the box for the tray to rest on, 
of such height as to come within 7-16 inch of the top. The 
tray, as will be seen, is divided into three sections, is made 
5-8 inch deep, and the outside of the top edges beveled. 
The cover of the box should close nicelv over the tray. 



84 A MANUAL Ol WOODWORK. 

Problem 184. Tray. Only 3-16 inch stock is used in 
this problem. Get out two sides 7 1-2 x 3. Cut openings 
for dove-tail joints, and curve the edges designed for the 
top as shown in the plate. Get out two ends 5x3. Cut 
dove-tail at ends and curve edges designed for top as shown 
in the plate. Cut bottom 71-8x4 5-8. Fit sides and ends 
together and nail to bottom. Cut center piece 7 1-8 x 4 5-8, 
and curve the edge designed for top as shown in the plate. 
Nail this in place through the ends. This tray should be 
ornamented with line cutting to suit the taste of the pupil. 

Problem 185. Frame. Get out in 1-4 inch stock two 
pieces 8 1-4x1 and two pieces 7x1. Put together with half 
joints and bore with gimlet as shown in the plate. When 
placed together draw along the inside edges on the under 
side 1-4 inch wide and 1-8 inch deep, a groove to receive 
glass and picture. Take the pieces apart and cut this 
groove. Then put together again, and drive wooden pins 
to hold in place as also shown in the plate. Get out back 
of 1-4 or 3-16 inch stock 5 3-8x3 3-4. Put on standard as 
in previous problems. (See part 4). Bevel the edges on 
the same side with the standard. Put on three pieces as 
shown in plate with edges beveled toward the inside and 
front of the frame for the back to slide in. This frame may 
be ornamented with line cutting if desired. 

Problem 186. Office Table. Get out in 3-8 inch stock 
two base pieces 4 1-2x2, in 3-16 inch stock two end pieces 
3 5-8 x 4 1-4 and two pieces for the other side of cases to 
contain drawers 3 5-8 x 4 1-16. These last two are made nar- 
rower than the end pieces in order to allow the end pieces 
to overlap the back of the table when it shall be put on- 
Also get out six pieces same thickness 4 1-16x1 1-2 for 
divisions between drawers. Put one of the end pieces and 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 85 

one of the pieces 3-16 inch narrower together by means of 
three of these division pieces and one of the base pieces as 
shown in the plate, being careful to have the end piece 
project at the back 3-16 inch beyond the inside piece and 
division pieces. The base piece should project 1-8 inch 
front and back beyond the end piece. Nail the base piece 
from the bottom to the upright pieces with 3-4 inch wire 
brads. Make case for other set of drawers in same man- 
ner. Put cleats of 1-8 inch stock 3 3-4x1-4 inch along the 
inside of these cases of drawers for the middle drawer to 
run on. They must be set back 1-4 inch from the front 
edges. Cut out piece for back in 3-16 inch stock as shown 
in the plate, and nail to back of two cases of drawers, two 
nails to each division, as also shown in the plate. Get out 
top in 3-16 inch stock 7 1-2x5 1-4. Round the corners with 
a radius of 1-2 inch. Place the top over the cases and back 
so that it will project 1-2 inch all round, and nail to end 
pieces. One middle drawer and eight side drawers are now 
to be made as shown in the plates. Each must be so fitted 
as to run easily and smoothly. If a very small brass knob 
can be obtained, use that. If nothing better is to be had, 
a round headed brass 3-8 inch screw will answer the 
purpose. 



86 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



a ■ ; "a 



\ 


\p— -~ ■/ 


/ 




/. ....% 




/ 




\ 


















\ . , 






1 




/ 


Si 



181 





1 


C 


J ; | 


! C 


1 j| 


! i ^ 




: ; 





fj U U L_ 


n n n r 




182 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



87 





Zl • 
Zl 


1— I 
■ — 1 

q 


Z 

zf ] 

~1 i 


r H 


i 



CO 

00 




UUUUUUM 



n n h n h n r 





7 



88 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 




1 84— Fig. 1. 



i 




184. — Fig. 2. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



8 9 




9 o 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



Q 



O 



u 



:"-'0' 



1S5— Fig. 1. 



>? 



I V 



-\ \ 



185— Fig. 2. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



91 



186 — Fig. 1. 



186 — Fig. 2. 



9 2 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 




186— Fig. 3. 



PART VI. 
CUTTING OF SOLIDS. 

TOOLS. 

PENCIL, RULE, KNIFE AND COMPASSES. 

MATERIAL. 

SOFT PINE CUBES, 1 1-4 INCHES. 
SOFT PINE PRISMS, 1 7-8x1 1-4x1 1-4 INCHES. 
" 2 1-2x2 1-2x1-2 

3x1x1 
3x1 3-8x1 



GENERAL NOTES. 

i. The first form in each series is furnished, it being 
too hard to get it out with the tools used. It is in each case 
the fundamental form from which the others are evolved. 

2. The sawed ends of the solid figures are always to be 
regarded as their heads. 

3. In order to designate which of the problems in this 
part belong in the same series, the}- are lettered as well as 
numbered. The numbers indicate the problem, the letters 
the series. 

4. In the geometrical forms and the hexagonal system 
of crystal models, two views are given of each problem. On 
the other plates of crystal models three views are given 
of each problem. 

5. When his work is done the pupil should have each 
form in the series, in order that he may keep constantly in 
mind the steps in the process by which he passes from the 
fundamental to the final form. 

6. The pupil should make cases of pasteboard to hold 
his crystal models, the better to see them in their relation 
to each other. 

7. Stud}- of crystals illustrating both law and beauty 
ma}* accompany this cutting of models of some of the lead- 
ing crystal forms. Specimens can be obtained at moderate 
cost, but should not be shown the pupil until after he has 
cut the form. 



SECTION i. 

GEOMETRICAL FORMS. 
SAMPLE DICTATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 

Froblem 187 a. Cube furnished. 

Problem 188 a. Draw trie octagon on opposite heads 
of the cube. Connect angles of octagons thus drawn by 
vertical lines on the sides of the cube. Cut off vertical 
edges to these lines thus making octagonal prism. 

Problem 189 a. Repeat octagonal prism. Then draw 
and cut doubling the number of sides, thus obtaining six- 
teen sided prism. 

Problem 190 a. Repeat sixteen sided prism. Inscribe 
the largest possible circle on its heads, and cut the cylinder. 

Problem 191 b. Cube furnished. 

Problem 192 b. Draw two triangles on opposite verti- 
cal faces of the cube. Connect the apexes of these triangles 
with line bisecting the top of the cube. Cut to the lines 
drawn, thus producing a wedge. 

Problem 193 b. Repeat wedge. Bisect the upper edge 
and draw triangles on the slanting faces of the wedge. 
Cut to lines thus producing pj^rarnid. 

Problem 194 b. Repeat pyramid. Draw octagon on 
base of pj-ramid. Connect the angles of the octagon with 
the apex of the pyramid. Cut to lines thus producing an 
eight sided pyramid. 

Problem 195 b. Repeat eight sided pyramid. Inscribe 
the largest possible circle on base, and cut the cone. 

Problem 196 c. Cube furnished. 



96 A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

Problem 197 c. Octagonal prism as before. 

Problem 19S c. Repeat octagonal prism. With one 
of the original faces of the cnbe toward you, draw on the 
heads, two lines from back to front and two from left to 
right, in such a way as to make 1-2 inch squares at 
the centers of octagons. Also make 1-2 inch squares at 
centers of the other original "faces of the cube. Cut inter- 
vening edges to these lines thus producing the required 
figure. 

Problem 199 c. Repeat 198 c. Connect adjacent cor- 
ners of the three squares around the projecting points, 
drawing thus eight triangles. Cut to the lines thus re- 
moving the pyramidal projections and producing the re- 
quired figure. 

Problem 200 c. Repeat 199 c. Draw and cut so as to 
double the number of edges horizontallv. 

Problem 201 c. Repeat 200 c. Draw and cut so as to 
doable the number of edges vertically. 

Problem 202 c. Repeat 201 c. Cut the sphere. 

Problem 203 d. Right prism furnished. 

Problem 204 d. Draw largest possible ellipse on two 
opposite sides of right prism. Bisect the heads by line 
which shall connect these ellipses. Cut to line thus pro. 
ducing the required figure. 

Problem 205 d. Repeat 204 d. Draw ellipse on circular 
sides already cut. The lines will cross each other at the 
centers of the original heads. Cut to line thus producing 
the required figure. 

Problem 206 d. Repeat 205 d. Double the number of 
sides. 

Problem 207 d. Repeat 206 d. Double the number of 
sides. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 97 

Problem 208 d. Repeat 207 d. Cut the ellipsoid. 

Problem 209 e. Right prism furnished. 

Problem 210 e. Inscribe largest possible circle on oppo- 
site faces of right prism. Cut to the line. 

Problem 211 e. Repeat circle. Inscribe with radius of 
3-4 inch on both sides a circle within this circle. Cut out 
this inner circle, producing thus a ring with sharp edges. 

Problem 212 e. Repeat ring. Using the compasses draw 
each side of the edges and cut to lines in such a way as to 
double the number of sides and produce an octagonal ring. 

Problem 213 e. Repeat octagonal ring. Cut off the 
edges until the perfect ring is produced. 



9 8 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 












187 a 



188 a 





„ 






190 a 




191 b 



192 b 






193 b 



194 b 



i95b 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



99 



to 
















O 








i— i 








oj 








vC 








P* 








On 














n 










r \ ^o f 




/ \ 

"^ ( 




~W 




| _ 

















IOO 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



209 e 




3 



210 e 




■Will Hill 




wan 



211 e 



212 e 




213 e 



SECTION 2. 

CRYSTAL MODELS. 

SAMPLE DICTATIONS AXD SUGGESTIONS. 
ISOMETRIC SYSTEM. 

Problem 214 f. Cube furnished. 

Problem 215 f. Cut off corners of cube 1-4 inch as 
shown in the plate. 

Problem 216 f. Bisect the four edges of each of the 
six faces of the cube. Connect these points of bisection 
in pairs by oblique lines. Cut off corners to the lines. 

Problem 217 f. Repeat 216 f. Find a triangle adjacent 
to one of the heads. Bisect the three squares surrounding 
this triangle by lines parallel to the sides of the triangle. 
Connect these bisecting lines in such a way as to make a 
continuous line around the triangle. Find triangle at op- 
posite side of the head and repeat. Cut off each of these 
triangles down to the line, thus leaving in place of the 
square at the head a wedge. In similar manner convert 
the other head to a wedge. Bisect edges of these two 
wedges and draw oblique lines from points of bisection to 
ends of parallel edges midwav between them. Cut to the 
lines thus producing the octahedron. 

Problem 21S g. Cube furnished. 

Problem 219 g. Cut off edges of cube 1-4 inch. 

Problem 220 g. Cut off edges of cube 3-8 inch. 

Problem 221 g. Repeat 220 g. Bisect head and two 
opposite vertical squares with parallel lines. Connect lines 
bisecting vertical squares with line bisecting head in such 



102 A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

manner that cutting to the continuous lines will take of 
pieces of uniform thickness. Repeat with opposite head. 
Repeat with two remaining squares. Bisect remaining four 
horizontal edges and connect points of bisection around 
the four diamonds in such a way as to cut the diamonds off 
of uniform thickness thus producing rhombic dodecahedron. 

Problem 222 h. Cube furnished. 

Problem 223 h. Cut 1-4 inch from edges of cube. Bi- 
sect lengthwise surfaces thus made. Draw 1-2 inch square 
in each of the 3-4 inch squares. Cut from each bisecting 
line to nearest parallel line of small square, producing 
figure as shown in plate. 

Problem 224 h. Cut off 3-8 inch from edges of cube. 
Bisect lengthwise surfaces thus made. With these lines 
of bisection as bases and the apexes in the center of each 
square cut six flattened pyramids, thus producing the 
tetrahexahedron. 

Problem 225 h. Repeat tetrahexahedron. Find centers 
of two opposite triangles at head. Cut down apex of py- 
ramid to these centers. Draw line connecting these two 
points obtaining thus a common base line for two penta- 
gons whose apexes will be at the centers of the first whole 
triangles. Cut from this base line to the apex points in 
uniform thickness until you get tw r o plain surfaces. Repeat 
with opposite head having another common base line for a 
pair of pentagons running the same way as that for first 
pair. The four ends of base lines already found are points 
for apexes of two new pairs of pentagons, whose common 
base will be midway between each pair of ends and in the 
centers of two triangles as before. Again the four ends of 
these last two base lines mark the points for apexes of two 
new pairs of pentagons whose common bases will be mid- 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. IO3 

way between each pair of ends. When these are cut the 
result should be the pentagonal dodecahedron. 

Problem 226 i. Cube furnished. 

Problem 227 i. Draw the opposite diagonals on the two 
heads of the cube. Connect these with diagonals of verti- 
cal faces. Cut off corners to the diagonals thus producing 
tetrahedron, which is a solid figure of four triangular faces. 

Problem 228 i. Repeat tetrahedron. Measure off 3-8 inch 
on edges from each point. Connect dots with lines around 
the point and cut to lines thus producing the truncated 
tetrahedron. 

Problem 229 i. Repeat tetrahedron. Bisect all the 
edges. Connect points of bisection with lines. Cut to 
lines, thus producing again the octahedron. 



io4 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 





bO 






be 

CO 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



!05 



o\ 









TETRAGONAL SYSTEM. 

Problem 230 j. Right Prism furnished. 

Problem 231 j. Cut off corners of right prism 1-4 inch 
on heads and 3-4 inch on vertical faces. 

Problem 232 j. Bisect edges of right prism, connect 
points of bisection as shown in plate and cut off corners 
to lines. 

Problem 233 j. Repeat 232 j. Draw horizontal lines 
around the block at the middle of the vertical diamond 
faces. Draw on head, diagonal of the square. Cut both 
ways from horizontal lines to the diagonal making a wedge. 
Repeat from other head. Bisect edges of wedges, connect 
points of bisection with ends of remaining horizontal lines, 
and cut to the lines, thus completing the tetragonal octa- 
hedron or pyramid. 

Problem 234 k. Right prism furnished. 

Problem 235 k. Make p} T ramid 7-8 inch in altitude at 
ends of right prism. 

Problem 236 k. Repeat 235 k. Cut off vertical edges 
to depth of 3-16 inch on each vertical face. 

Problem 237 k. Repeat 235 k. Cut off vertical edges 
to depth of 3-8 inch on each vertical face. 

Problem 238 1. Right prism furnished. 



A MANUAL OK WOODWORK. IOJ 

Problem 239 1. Draw opposite diagonals on heads. Con- 
nect with diagonals across vertical faces, and cnt to lines 
thus producing tetragonal tetrahedron. 

Problem 240 1. Repeat tetrahedron. Bisect edges. Con- 
nect points of bisection and cut to lines, thus producing 
again tetragonal octahedron or pjnramid. 

Problem 241 1. Repeat tetragonal pyramid. Double 
the number of sides thus producing ditetragonal pj-ramid. 



ioS 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 




23O J 



231 J 









232 J 



233 ) 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



IO9 




234 k 



235 k 





237 



no 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 





2 3 8 1 



239 1 





240 1 



241 1 



ORTHORHOMBIC SYSTEM. 

Problem 242 in. Right prism furnished. 

Problem 243 m. Bisect edges of heads of right prism. 
Connect points of bisection, thus making a rhomb on each 
head. Connect corresponding angles of rhombs by lines 
drawn on vertical faces. Cut off edges to lines thus mak- 
ing rhombic prism. 

Problem 244 m. Repeat rhombic prism. Bisect edges 
of heads. Connect points of bisection in such a way as to 
make a parallelogram as shown in the plate. Bisect ver- 
tical edges. Connect these points of bisection with cor- 
ners of parallelograms as shown in the plate. Cut to the 
lines. 

Problem 245 m. Repeat 244 m. Draw horizontal lines 
around the block through the middle of rhombs. Draw 
diagonals of the heads. Cut from horizontal lines on op- 
posite rhombs to diagonals thus making wedges. Bisect 
edges of wedges and connect points of bisection with the 
remaining horizontal lines on rhombs. Cut to the lines 
thus producing orthorhombic octahedron or pyramid. 

Problem 246 11. Right prism furnished. 

Problem 247 n. Bisect heads and narrow vertical faces 
of right prism by continuous line around the block. At 
centers of broad faces draw parallelogram 1 y-8 x 1-4 inches 
Cut from edges of this parallelogram to bisecting lines as 
shown in the plate. 



112 A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

Problem 248 11. Repeat 247 n. Cut off edges around 
the entire block 3-16 inch, in, on each surface. Bisect par- 
allelograms, at centers of broad faces lengthwise. Cut 
from these lines to new edges already made, thus complet- 
ing figure. 

Problem 249 o. Right prism furnished. 

Problem 250 o. Draw opposite diagonals on heads of 
right prism. Connect by diagonals on vertical faces. Cut 
to lines thus producing orthorhombic tetrahedron. 

Problem 251 o. Repeat tetrahedron. Bisect edges. Con- 
nect points of bisection and cut to lines, thus producing 
again orthorhombic octahedron or pyramid. 

Problem 252 o. Repeat orthorhombic pyramid. Cutoff 
1-2 inch at ends thus producing truncated orthorhombic 
octahedron or pyramid. 



A MANUAL OF AVOODWORK. 



113 




242 m 



243 m 





244 m 



245 m 



ii4 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 





A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



115 





249 ° 



250 a 







251 o 



252 o 



MONOCLINIC SYSTEM- 

Problem 253 p. Right prism furnished. 

Problem 254 p. On one of the narrow vertical faces of 
the right prism, measure down 3-4 inch, and draw horizon- 
tal line. On two broad vertical faces, draw oblique lines 
connecting ends of this horizontal line with the upper 
opposite corners. Repeat on other narrow vertical face 
from bottom. Cut to lines producing figure as in plate. 

Problem 255 p. Repeat 254 p. Bisect all the edges. 
Connect points of bisection and cut off corners to lines. 

Problem 256 p. Repeat 255 p. Draw a line around the 
block midway between the smaller rhombs. Draw the 
long diagonal of these rhombs. Cut from midway line to 
diagonals, thus making wedges. Bisect edges of the 
wedges. Cut from remaining midway lines to these points 
of bisection, thus producing the monoclinic octahedron or 
pyramid. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



II 7 




253 P 



254 P 



// \ \ 








255 P 



256 p 



TRICLINIC SYSTEM. 

Problem 257 q. Right prism furnished. 

Problem 258 q. On left edge of broad face of right prism 
measure down one inch. On right edge measure down 1-2 
inch. Connect these two points with oblique line. On 
opposite broad face measure down on right edge 1-2 inch 
and draw oblique line from this point to upper left corner. 
Connect ends of these two lines across narrow faces. Draw 
a corresponding continuous line around bottom of the block 
two inches below that already drawn. Cut to lines. 

Problem 259 q. Repeat 258 q. Bisect edges. Connect 
points of bisection. Cut off corners to lines. 

Problem 260 q. Repeat 259 q. Draw a line around the 
block midway between the shortest parallelograms. Draw 
the long diagonal of these shortest parallelograms. Cut 
from midway lines to diagonals, thus making wedges. Bi- 
sect edges of wedges and cut from remaining midway lines 
to points of bisection, thus producing the triclinic octahe- 
dron or pyramid. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



II 9 



257 q 



u- 



258 q 








259 q 




260 q 



HEXAGONAL SYSTEM- 

Problem 261 r. Right prism furnished. 

Problem 262 r. Draw on opposite heads of right prism 
largest possible hexagon. Connect angles of hexagons 
along vertical faces and cut to lines thus producing hexa- 
gonal prism. 

Problem 263 r. Repeat hexagonal prism. Draw hexa- 
gon on heads of this prism in such a way that its sides 
shall be 3-16 inch in from the edges of the prism and par- 
allel to them. Draw continuous lines around the prism 
5-16 inch from top and bottom. Cut from these lines to the 
sides of the small hexagons. 

Problem 264 r. Repeat hexagonal prism. Draw the 
three diagonals at each head. Draw continuous lines around 
the prism 3-4 inch from top and bottom. Cut from these 
lines to the diagonals. 

Problem 265 r. Repeat hexagonal prism. Draw the 
three diagonals at each head. Draw a continuous line 
around the prism midway between top and bottom. Cut 
from this midway line to the diagonals, thus producing 
hexagonal pyramid. 

Problem 266 s. Right prism furnished. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 121 

Problem 267 s. Hexagonal prism evolved as before. 

Problem 268 s. Repeat hexagonal prism. Draw small 
hexagons on the heads as before, only now -alternating sides 
and angles, as shown in the plate. Measure from top and 
bottom 3-8 inch on all the vertical edges of the prism. Cut 
from these points to edges of small hexagons. 

Problem 269 s. Repeat hexagonal prism. Draw three 
diameters on each head. Measure from top and bottom 
3.-4 inch on all the vertical edges. Cut from these points 
to the diameters. 

Problem 270 s. Repeat hexagonal prism. Draw three 
diameters on each head. Measure two . inches from top 
along vertical edges. Cut from these points to the diame- 
ters at the top. Draw continuous line around the figure 
midway between original heads of prism. Cut edges from 
this line to diameters on remaining head, thus producing 
again the hexagonal pyramid. 

Problem 271 t. Right prism furnished. 

Problem 272 t. Hexagonal prism evolved as before. 

Problem 273 t. Repeat hexagonal prism. Draw diame- 
ters of hexagons. Measure two inches from top on every 
other vertical edge, and two inches from bottom on alternat- 
ing edges. Connect these alternating points with ob- 
lique lines. Cut off alternating edges from these points to 
the diameters at the farther head, thus producing the 
rhombohedron . 

Problem 274 t. Repeat rhombohedron. Draw a line 
from the end of each rhomb, at the apex of the rhombohed- 
ron 1 1-2 inches toward the opposite end. Cut off interven- 
ing edges of rhombs to inner ends of these lines. On planes 
thus made connect inner ends of these lines by short ob- 
lique lines. From inner ends of original lines now cut to 



122 A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

the points. In each plane thus made draw a line which 
shall be a common hypothennse for two scalene triangles. 
Then cut to lines, thus completing the scalenohedron. 

Problem 275 t. Repeat scalenohedron. Bisect bases of 
the scalene triangles. Cut off intervening edges between 
each pair of these points of bisection. In planes thus made 
connect these points by short horizontal lines; also connect 
them with apexes of the figure. Cut to lines thus produc- 
ing again the hexagonal pyramid. 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 



123 




'A 





261 r 262 r 263 r 264 r 265 r 





y^y v 




266 s 267 s 268 s 269 s 270 s 



124 



A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

A 




271 1 272 1 273 1 274 1 275 1 



EXPLANATION OF SOME TERMS IN 
CRYTALLOGRAPHY. 

SCIENTISTS DIVIDE CRYSTALS INTO SIX SYSTEMS WITH 
REFERENCE TO THEIR AXES. 

NAMES OF THE SYSTEMS. 

Isometric. — Such as ha\ T e three axes of equal length, in- 
tersecting at right angles. 
Tetragonal. — Such as have two lateral axes of equal length, 

and a vertical axis of different length, all at 

right angles. 
Orthorhombic. — Such as have three axes of different length, 

all at right angles. 
Monoclinic. — Such as have three axes of different length 

and only two at right angles. 
Triclinic. — Such as have three axes of different length and 

no two at right angles. 
Hexagonal. — Such as have three lateral axes, all at right 

angles with a fourth vertical axis. 

NAMES OF SOME INDIVIDUAL CRYSTALS. 

Octahedron. — A solid figure bounded by eight triangular 

faces. 
Dodecahedron. — A solid figure bounded by twelve equal 

faces. 
Rhombic Dodecahedron. — A solid figure bounded by twelve 

equal rhombs. 
Pentagonal Dodecahedron. — A solid figure bounded by 

twelve equal pentagons. 
Tetrahedron. — A solid figure bounded by four triangles.. 



I2D A MANUAL OF WOODWORK. 

Tetrahexahedron. — A solid figure bounded by twenty-four 

isosceles triangles. 
Rhombohedron. — A solid figure bounded by six equal 

rhombuses. 
Scalenohedron. — A solid figure bounded b} r twelve scalene 

triangles. 

CRYSTAL vSPECIMENS. 

The author has used a little collection of Crystals as fol- 
lows, purchased for the most part of Dr. A. E. Foote, of 
Philadelphia, at a cost of about six dollars: — 
Isometric. — Iron Pyrites, Magnetites, Garnet, Fool's Gold, 

Copper Pyrites. 
Tetragonal. — Apophvllite, Zircon. 
Orthorhombic. — Staurolite, Barite, and Sulphur. 
Monoclinic. — Amazon Stone, Muscovite. 
Triclinic. — Calcite, Axinite, Albite. 
Hexagonal. — Beryl, Quartz, Calcite. 



STUDIES IN NATIVE WOODS. 

BY MILTON BRADLEY. 

While much attention is given to nature study iu our schools to-day, 
the study of "Woods" as related to industrial pursuits has received little 
attention, although it is very closely related to manual training. 

Because of this state of affairs has originated the project of putting into 
some form, convenient for educational purposes, samples of our native 
woods in connection with good illustration of the leaves, flowers and forms 
of the trees from which the woods are derived. 

•'Studies in Native Woods" cs now prepared comprises sixteen sub- 
jects : Rock Maple. White Maple. Ehu. White Oak. Red Oak, Black Walnut, 
Hickory, Whitewood. Basswood, Poplar. Southern or Pitch Pine, White 
Butternut, Chestnut, Pine, Spruce and Hemlock. 

Each of these studies consists of a lithographed card representing in 
natural colors the leaf , flowers, fruit ancl full tree, framed in the wood 
under consideration, and having mounted on it two tablets of the same 
wood showing side and end of grain. The frame is 12x15 inches on the 
outside. and is polished in the natural color of the wood. The two tablets 
showing side and end of the grain have no finish. 

For convenience and protection these sixteen studies are put up in two 
strong cases cover<d with binder's cloth and lettered in gilt Vol. I and 
Vol. II, with title and contents. When standing on a shelf the lettering 
is in view on the front of the case, and the contents are protected from 
the light and dust. 

Although the preparation of these studies has consumed much time, 
on the part of the author and of the artists and the mechanical work has 
required intelligent workmen, the publishers offer them to Kindergartens, 
Schools, Colleges and Libraries at a very modest figure. 

A descriptive pamphlet of thirty-six pages explaining the methods of 
sawing, finishing and polishing the woods, and giving a description of 
each of the sixteen trees, accompanies each set of studies. 

Price, each set of two volumes, $15.00 

CLAY MODELING IN THE SCHOOLROOM. 

BY ELLEX 5TEPIIEXS HILDKETH. 

This book is an illustrated manual of instruction in Clay Modeling for 
the kindergarten and school, based on the curved solids. There has long 
been a demand among kindergartners and primary schoolteachers for just 
such a book, and the directions are so plain and minute that they can be 
followed with little difficulty. Mrs. Hildreth was associated with Miss 
Blow in the St. Louis kindergartens. Clay Modeling has 75 pages. 

Price, paper covers. SO. 25 

PAPER AND SCISSORS IN THE SCH< )OLR< >OM. 

BY EMILY A. WEAVER. 

This book is planned to give a practical and systematic course in paper 
folding and cutting for all grades in the public and private schools. The 
work begins with the simple foldings adapted to the first year in school 
and enlarges its scope to give cutting suited to higher grade work. With 
over 200 illustrations. Price, paper covers, 80.25 



KNIFE WORK IN THE .SCHOOLROOM. 

PROBLEMS FOR PUPILS UNDER FOURTEEN — J5Y GEORGE V.. KILBON. 

This book aims to furnish the average teacher with a course in Elemen- 
tary Manual Training that can be carried on in any ordinary schoolroom 
with the least possible expense lor tools and material. The problems can 
nil be worked out with the pocket knife, compass, pencil, gauge and try- 
square and they are arranged in logical sequence. 

In the preface the writer shows wherein the American system of Manual 
Training is better than the Swedish Sloyd. Mr. Kilbon is principal of 
the city Manual Training School, Springfield Mass., and a practical me- 
chanical engineer by profession. Price, cloth, and gdt Si. 00 

THE MANUAL 'J RAINING OUTFIT. 
Since we began to publish "Knife Work in the Schoolroom" we have 
kept in st,,ek the following list of tools which are recommended for the 
use. of those win. adopt this book as a guide:— 

Price, each. 

Gauge, ? 01 "' 

Try-square, • • ■ ■ ' ■ •-" 

Rule, L2 inches -06 

Pencil, medium, .... .03 

Divider-. -25 

Knife. ..... ,40 

Small pene hammer, , • - -35 

A 10-inch hack saw, . , .75 

Handle of brad awls, . . .30 

Fair of pliars, .... .35 

Mounted oilstone, . . • • -'5 

Oil can, -30 

To those teachers who want prepared material for working out the va- 
rious problems given in the book we will send on application a price list of 
the sizes and quantities recommended, for a class of twenty-four pupils. 

ELEM KXTARY WOODWORK. 

BY GEORGE B. KILBON. 

This book is a series of sixteen lessons taught in the senior grammar 
grade at Springfield, Mass., which are designed to give fundamental in- 
struction in the" use of all the principal tools needed in carpentry and 
joinery. The illustrations are numerous. Price, cloth, 80.75 

THE ARCHITECT'S TRIANGULAR SCALE. 



This scale is not only good enough for all educational purposes, but is 
a practical article for the" regular use of architects and draftsmen. All the 
scales are carefully inspected and selected at each stage of manufacture, 
being finely-finished with a good hand-rubbed shellac polish and provided 
with a manilla case, to serve as a permanent protection for the edges. 
When ordered by the dozen the postage will be twenty-three cents. 

"Price, each, 80.50; postage, 80.03 



Postage. Price 


per doz. 


$0.05 


*$1.40 


.06 


*2.40 




.72 


.01 


.30 


.01 


*2.25 


.02 


*4.60 


.09 




.15 




.Of, 




.03 




,10 




.04 • 





THE SPRINGFIELD SCHOOL COMPASSES. 




The above illustration represents a practical instrument designed for 
pupils in the higher grades. The construction of the joint is peculiar, 
having two annular wearing surfaces milled from solid metal and so ac- 
curately adjusted to each other that a perfectly smooth and uniform move- 
ment of the legs is insured for a long time without perceptible wear. The 
instrument is five and one-half inches long, thereby covering a range of 
work sufficient for all demands without an inconvenient spread of the 
legs, and is without question the best on the market for secondary and 
manual training schools. Price, each, $0.35 ; postage, 80.03 

THE PROVIDENCE DRAWING COMPASSES. 
This well-known instrument is peculiar in its slotted cross bar with 
clamping screw and the self-propelling pencil lead which features specially 
recommend it to its many friends. Price, each, 80.25 ; postage, 80.0*2 

THE DAISY PENCIL COMPASSES. 

These well-known compasses are without doubt the best article yet of- 
fered for the price. Cheap and simple they have proved to be the popular 
instrument for the lower grade schools ever since their introduction. 

Price, each, $0.15; postage, $0.02 




THE PERFECTION CARDBOARD PROTRACTOR. 

The above engraving is a facsimile of a cardboard protractor for primary 
grades, which is in use in many public schools with great satisfaction. 

This instrument is four inches in diameter and is made from cardboard 
prepared expressly for this purpose and graduated with a very accurately 
engraved die. Price, per dozen, by mail, 80.30 



THE BENNETT DESK COVER, 




This device, is patented by Prof. Charles A. Bennett, of the Teachers 
College, New York City. The desk cover consists of a tool tray A, a cut- 
ting board B, and a drawing board C, fastened to the desk by means of a 
cleat G, a slotted cleat F and a key II. In the tray A, which is to contain 
the tools when they are not in use, is the sheath E, which holds tin- knife. 

The cutting board B has a projecting arm I, upon which the wood is 
placed while sawing, the blade of the saw running up and down iu the 
slot K. The cutting board is fastened to the other parts of the cover by 
screws, so that if it becomes badly cut it may easily be taken out and 
planed or may be replaced by a new one. 

The drawing board C consists of a board the top of which is one-eighth 
of an inch lower than the top of the side D. By means of two wedges a 
pad of drawing paper or a thin board may be held in place for drawing. 
When in use the head of the T square is against the side D. 

The cleat ('< is adjustable, so that the cover may be made to fit any 
desk twenty-two inches or less in length. The key II passes between the 
desk and the cleat F at the point L, thus holding the cover firmly in place. 
The cover may be used on the end of a double desk by fastening a hook 
to the cover at the point j\I and a screw eye into t lie back or top of the 
desk, the hooks and screw eye thus taking the place of the cleat G. 

An outfit for children in their fifth and sixth years in school consists or 
desk cover No. 1 as described above, a nickle-plated bracket saw-frame, 
a knife of special design, a T square, 45° triangle, 30°-G0° triangle, rules 
compasses and pencil. *Price. $4.00 

THE PRIMARY SCHOOL RULE. 

This rule is for use in the lowest grades and is graduated in quarter 
inches, so that the little folks who handle it need not be taxed with finer 
divisions. It has been prepared at the request of prominent school of- 
ficers and teachers. Price, each, $0.03; postage, $0.01 

THE MANUAL TRAINING RULE. 

This is a hand-polished rule, about three quarters of an inch wide, with 
one edge beveled, graduated by- steel dies accurately engraved by ma- 
chinery. This rule is divided into sixteenths of an inch, the graduations 
being plainly. marked. Price, each, $0.0(1 ; postage, 80.01 

When ordered by the dozen the postage on the Grammar School Rule 
or the Manual Training Rule will be ten cents. 

THE INDUSTRIAL DRAWING RULE. 

This is a thin rule, an inch wide, with one edge beveled and graduated 
to inches and sixteenths. In addition to its use for making measurement- 
this wide, thin rule is designed to go with draftsmen's triangles in ele- 
mentary industrial drawing. Price, Su.lO; postage, $0.02 
MILTON BRADLEY CO., Springfield, Mass. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



013 971 840 9 



III 



Mr 



ui 



